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Dzungar Khanate
The Dzungar Khanate, also written as the Zunghar Khanate, was an Oirat khanate on the Eurasian Steppe. It covered the area called Dzungaria and stretched from the west end of the Great Wall of China to present-day eastern Kazakhstan, and from present-day northern Kyrgyzstan to southern Siberia. Most of this area today is part of Xinjiang autonomous region in China. The Dzungar Khanate was the last major nomadic empire.
In 1678, Galdan received from the Dalai Lama the title of ''Boshogtu Khan'', thus confirming the Dzungars as the leading tribe within the Oirats. However, the Dzungar rulers bore the title of Khong Tayiji (deriving from the Chinese phrase ''Huang Taizi'', which translates into English as "crown prince"), while the state itself was still referred to as the Dzungar Khanate.〔C. P. Atwood ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', p.622〕 Following the deaths of Galdan Boshogtu Khan in 1697 and his successor Tsewang Rabtan in 1727, the Khanate fell into a steep decline from which it would never recover, ultimately leading to its annexation and genocide by the Qing dynasty during the period of 1755–58.
==Etymology==
"Dzungar" is a compound of the Mongolian word ''jegün'' (züün), meaning "left" or "east" and ''γar'' meaning "hand" or "wing".〔For the Mongols the primary direction was south. Mongolian maps placed the south at the top, so west was to the right and east was to the left. (【引用サイトリンク】title=A Preliminary Analysis of Old Mongolian Manuscript Maps: Towards an Understanding of the Mongols' Perception of the Landscape )〕 The region of Dzungaria derives its name from this confederation. Although the Dzungars were located west of the Eastern Mongols, the derivation of their name has been attributed to the fact that they represented the left wing of the Oirats. In the early 17th century, the head of the Oirat confederation was the leader of the Khoshut, Gushi Khan. When Gushi Khan decided to invade Tibet to replace the local Tsangpa Khan in favor of the Tibetan Geluk Sect, the Oirat army were organized into left and right wing. The right wing consisting of Khoshuts and Torguts remained in Tibet while the Choros and Khoid of the Left wing retreated north into the Tarim basin, since then the powerful empire of the Choros became known as the Left Wing, i.e. Zuungar.
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